Archive for the ‘universal english’ Category

Confusing words part-3

Here are some more words those con­fuses us in gen­eral usage:

  • Endemic and epi­demic: Both refer to dis­eases. If a dis­ease is endemic it is com­mon in an area of pop­u­la­tion and peo­ple are likely to be exposed to it. An endemic refers to a wide­spread dis­ease in a region.
  • Flaunt and flout: Flaunt is some­thing that is to show off and flout is to dis­re­gard some­thing out of disrespect.
  • Gourmet and gour­mand: A gourmet is an expert in the appre­ci­a­tion of the fine food, whereas gour­mand is more inter­ested in quan­tity rather than qual­ity. Gour­man­dize is to stuff food like a glutton.

A quick start for where to use the capital letters?

Most of the peo­ple are con­fused with the usage of cap­i­tal let­ters. We will use the cap­i­tal let­ters where we should not use and don’t use when it is nec­es­sary. Incor­rect usage of cap­i­tal let­ters leads to the mis­un­der­stand­ing some­times. These cap­i­tal let­ters with in a sen­tence helps the reader as an indi­ca­tion to the start­ing of the new sen­tence. The rules are very dif­fer­ent for using these cap­i­tal let­ters bur very easy to learn. Let’s learn where to use the cap­i­tal let­ters and where not to use them.

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The first and fore­most rule is that all the proper nouns which includes names, geo­graph­i­cal places, spe­cific his­tor­i­cal events and doc­u­ments, lan­guages, nation­al­i­ties, coun­tries etc.
Cap­i­tal­ize the first word at the begin­ning of a sen­tence.
Cap­i­tal­ize Names and Titles:
• Cap­i­tal­ize each person’s name. E.g. S.Mahidhar
• If a name begins with d’, de, du, or von, cap­i­tal­ize the pre­fix unless it is pre­ceded by the first name or a title.
• If a name starts with Mc, o, or St., then cap­i­tal­ize the next let­ter. E.g. Mc Don­ald, Mc Mohan, St. Marie.
• If the name begins with la or le then also cap­i­tal­ize the word that fol­lows. E.g. Le Blanck.
• Cap­i­tal­ize some of the names of the ani­mals like Lassie, Mor­ris the cat.
• Cap­i­tal­ize all the reli­gious names, mil­i­tary posts, gov­ern­ment heads.
• Cap­i­tal­ize all the parts of a gov­ern­ment offi­cials post. E.g. Vice Pres­i­dent.
• Cap­i­tal­ize all the book titles, play titles, movie titles, news­pa­per titles, mag­a­zines names, when writ­ing the full forms of abbre­vi­a­tions.
Cap­i­tal­ize Names and Lan­guages and Reli­gions:
• Cap­i­tal­ize all the names of the reli­gions, lan­guages, coun­tries and races.
• When refer­ring to the gods, cap­i­tal­ize the pro­nouns also.
• Don’t cap­i­tal­ize the words god and god­dess when refer­ring to the ancient mythol­ogy. But in gen­eral use cap­i­tal let­ters for God and God­dess.
Cap­i­tal­ize the proper adjec­tives and prod­uct nouns:
• Cap­i­tal­ize the adjec­tives that are formed from the nouns. E.g. Italy– Ital­ian.
• Don’t cap­i­tal­ize the pre­fix that was attached to a proper adjec­tive unless the pre­fix refers to a nation­al­ity. E.g. all Indi­ans, Old Eng­lish.
• Use cap­i­tal let­ters for all the brand names.
Use cap­i­tal let­ters for days, months and all hol­i­days:

Use cap­i­tal let­ters for the names of days like Sun­day, Mon­day etc.
• Use cap­i­tal let­ters for the names of the months like Decem­ber, July etc.
• Cap­i­tal­ize the names of the hol­i­days like Repub­lic day, New Year.
Cap­i­tal­ize the first let­ters of abbre­vi­a­tions, start­ing of a sen­tence, sen­tences after the colon, greet­ing words, names of the degrees, time (A.M, P.M), some short­cuts like Mount – Mt etc.

Suffixes in English language-Part 2

In the pre­vi­ous sec­tion we learned about the nom­i­nal suf­fixes and in this sec­tion let’s learn about ver­bal suf­fixes which are attached before the verbs and forms new words. In this arti­cle I want to explain about some of the impor­tant verb suf­fixes and how the new words from those suf­fixes are derived. Of all the ver­bal suf­fixes some of the impor­tant ver­bal suf­fixes are –ate, –en, –ify and –ize.

Reading a book

–ate: forms end­ing with this suf­fix rep­re­sent a rather het­ero­ge­neous group. These rep­re­sents so called orna­tive and resul­ta­tive mean­ings like flu­o­ri­nate, for­mate, reg­u­late.
–en: The Ger­manic suf­fix –en attaches to mono­syl­la­bles that end in a pos­i­tive, frica­tive. Most of the mords are formed sim­i­lar to ripen, blacken, broaden etc.
–ify: This suf­fix attaches with the base words that are mono­syl­labic. The gen­eral words that are formed with this suf­fix are solid­ify, humid­ify etc. This suf­fix rep­re­sents the for­ma­tion of some­thing. The words that are formed with the suf­fix –ize also have the same mean­ing with the words formed by –ify suf­fix.
–ize: This suf­fix rep­re­sents the words that are hav­ing the related con­cepts like orna­tive, loca­tive, resul­ta­tive, sim­u­la­tive, per­for­ma­tive. The deriv­a­tives of the –ize suf­fix rep­re­sents the com­plex pat­terns and dif­fi­cult to derive sometimes.

Suffixes in English language-Part 1

There are sev­eral kinds of suf­fixes in Eng­lish gram­mar. These suf­fixes help us very much in the for­ma­tion of verbs, adverbs, nouns, adjec­tives from just the root words. If we are able to recap the root words then it’s very to form sev­eral words using suf­fixes and pre­fixes. Let us learn dif­fer­ent kinds of suf­fixes and how to use them prop­erly to form new words. Actu­ally there are four kinds of suf­fixes. They are:
1. Nom­i­nal suf­fixes
2. Ver­bal suf­fixes
3. Adjec­ti­val suf­fixes
4. Adver­bial suffixes

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Nom­i­nal suf­fixes:
These are often used to derive the abstract nouns from verbs, adjec­tives and nouns. These denote actions or related con­cepts or prop­er­ties or qual­i­ties etc. Let’s see the dif­fer­ent kinds of nom­i­nal suf­fixes.
–age: This is used to express an activ­ity as in cov­er­age, leak­age, orphan­age etc.
–al : This suf­fix is added to verbs to form abstract nouns and denotes an action like in arrival, renewal etc.
–ance: This also vary as –ence, –ancy, –ency. This is used along with verbs to cre­ate the words such as retar­dance, absorbance etc.
–ant: This is used to form count nouns like attrac­tant, dis­per­sant etc.
–cy/-ce: This suf­fix attaches with nouns and forms adjec­tives like agency, pres­i­dency etc. The suf­fix –cy is used to denote the qual­ity, states, prop­er­ties or facts. The exam­ples in which this –cy suf­fix is used are con­ver­gence, diver­gence etc.
–ee: This is attached with the nouns and denotes or qual­i­fies the job of a per­son from the noun form of the job. The words with this suf­fix are employee, biographee, amputee etc.
–ion: This is one of the suf­fixes that we use often. This can be com­bined with –ify and forms the com­bined suf­fix of –ifi­ca­tion and used with the works like per­son­i­fi­ca­tion. When this –ion is com­bined with –ate forms another suf­fix –ation which is used in the words like star­va­tion.
–ism: This forms the abstract nouns from the nouns, adjec­tives and deriv­a­tives and expresses the atti­tude, state, con­di­tion, the­ory or beliefs. Some of these words are Marx­ism, Bud­dhism, Jain­ism etc.
There are sev­eral other nom­i­nal suf­fixes like –ship used in the words like friend­ship, –ness used in the words like good­ness, bad­ness etc., –ment used in the words like rudi­ment, base­ment etc., –ity in infer­til­ity, –ist in the words like men­tal­ist, fem­i­nist etc.

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